According to some other sources Tangaxuan II was dragged behind a horse and then burned. Men who brought horses, caballeros, received two shares of the spoils, one for military service, another because of the horse. Later, the honorific Spanish title of Doña would be added to her baptized name. The first mendicants in central Mexico, particularly the Franciscans and Dominicans learned the indigenous language of Nahuatl, in order to evangelize to the indigenous people in their native tongue. A number of modern scholars cast doubt on whether such omens occurred or whether they were ex post facto (retrospective) creations to help the Mexica explain their defeat. Previously, during Juan de Grijalva's expedition, Moctezuma believed that those men were heralds of Quetzalcoatl, as Moctezuma, as well as everyone else in the Aztec Empire, were to believe that eventually, Quetzalcoatl will return. [36] Another indigenous account compiled by a Spanish friar is Dominican Diego Durán's The History of the Indies of New Spain, from 1581, with many color illustrations.[37]. Japan permits visits of foreign ships. In fact, "Cortés owned several hundred, used mainly in gold placering." In 1554, the Chichimecas inflicted a great loss upon the Spanish when they attacked a train of sixty wagons and captured more than 30,000 pesos worth of valuables. [14] In addition, aside from the Infantry and the ally's role in the Spanish conquest, cavalry was the "arm of decision in the conquest" and "the key ingredient in the Spanish forces". p 62-64, Thomas, Hugh. [51][44]:205–06, On 8 November 1519, after the fall of Cholula, Cortés and his forces entered Tenochtitlan, the island capital of the Mexica-Aztecs. There would be treaties with the Indian nations and battles just beginning between them, the British, Spanish, and French. A few of the indigenous nobility learned Spanish. Due to a commercial blockade by the Aztecs, Tlaxcala was poor, lacking, among other things, salt and cotton cloths, so they could only offer Cortés and his men food and slaves. Spanish Florida was primarily a military outpost after the first few great expeditions. Maxixcatzin, Xicotencatl the Elder, Citalpopocatzin, and Temiloltecutl received the names of Don Lorenzo, Don Vicente, Don Bartolomé, and Don Gonzalo. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. [57], Velázquez arrived at the dock in Santiago de Cuba in person, "he and Cortés again embraced, with a great exchange of compliments", before Cortés set sail for Trinidad, Cuba. For the Spanish, the expedition to Mexico was part of a project of Spanish colonization of the New World after twenty-five years of permanent Spanish settlement and further exploration in the Caribbean. Historical sources for the conquest of Mexico recount some of the same events in both Spanish and indigenous sources. [11] According to an indigenous account, the Spanish killed Moctezuma. [44]:166, 185–86. The landing of the first Africans in English North America in 1619 was a turning point, but slavery was already part of U.S. history by then Cortés stayed twenty days in Tlaxcala, giving his men time to recover from their wounds from the battles. Cortés surprised his antagonist with a night attack, during which his men wounded Narváez in the eye and took him prisoner. Nevertheless, Cortés set sail, beginning his expedition with the legal status of a mutineer. [44]:193, 199, Cortés and his men entered Cholula without active resistance. This means that native emphasis on omens and bewilderment in the face of invasion "may be a postconquest interpretation by informants who wished to please the Spaniards or who resented the failure of Montezuma and of the warriors of Tenochtitlan to provide leadership. In his descriptions of the history of Mexico had antecedents with established practices. 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