Mangroves are trees and shrubs that arenât necessarily closely related to one another, but they do share the unique capability of growing within reach of the tides in salty soil. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The soils have less than 35, 40 and 45% of sand, silt and clay particles, respectively in different mangrove forests (Sukardjo, 1994; Ukpong, 1997; Sah et al., 1989). Reef et al. Studies on mangrove soil revealed that soil surface is mainly composed of newly sedimented particles. (1989) and Hossain et al. (Ukpong, 1997). The delivery of nutrients in sediments and water during tidal inundation and sporadically in floodwaters associated with cyclones and hurricanes provides significant sources of nutrients for mangroves (Lugo and Snedaker, 1974; Davis III et al., 2003). Mangroves provide protection in coastal areas from storms and erosion to help create sources of income for human being. Thus, passive restoration or self-recovery of mangroves was considered inadequate in these circumstances for regaining natural ecological functionality. The soils in mangrove forests are complex systems resulting from various intricate interactions between abiotic (tides and physiography) and biotic (activities of plants and invertebrates) factors, that may alter within short distances. how soil pH affects the growth of mangroves, we can possibly tweak or enhance the environment to suit the mangroves better and inform the general public on how air pollution affects the mangrove ecosystems as well. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL IN MANGROVE FOREST. All mangroves have evolved special adaptations that enable them to live in salty, oxygen-poor soil. Along the Indian coast and major groups of islands, large variations exist in the soil of mangrove forests. The main body of the The authors would like to thank Dr. Amirul Alam, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia for his critical reading of the manuscript. From the values of redox potential (Eh) studied in mangrove soils in different areas of the world it is found that the Eh value is less than 100 mV meaning that the soils are anaerobic. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF SOIL AND VEGETATION IN MANGROVE FOREST. The variability of the mangrove forest in terms of soil salinity is observed all over the world. However, the salinity value of 14.99� is also observed by Das et al. Mangrove collapse âinevitableâ unless emissions curbed Mangrove forests, which grow in brackish, muddy, coastal waters, are some of the planetâs most important carbon sinks. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Forest structure and soil properties of mangrove ecosystems under different management scenarios: Experiences from the intensely humanized landscape of Indian Sunderbans. Mangroves are facultative halophytes which means salt water is not a physical requirement for growth. Several available plant nutrients have been studied in different mangrove forests of the world. While the first site represented the growth of a multi-layered canopy with mixed species association, the later site was characterized by mono-specific dominance of the Avicennia varieties primarily due to indiscriminate exploitative activities. Limitations to structure and productivity imposed by iron are also likely, but not yet to be assessed in the field (Alongi, 2010). Research results revealed significant variation in the composition of mangrove soils at different depths, clay mineralogy, total organic carbon content and carbon stock (Ferreira et al., 2010). Plants must adapt in special ways to survive this environment. We took an approach to describing the effects of soil physico-chemical factors on ecophysiology and vegetation in mangroves. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. My dissertation focus is forested wetland hydrology. Mangrove cover and mangrove growth are inversely proportional to the geological age of the islands, which apparently supports the idea of mangroves as pioneering coastal vegetation in the archipelago. The intertidal zone is characterized by highly [â¦] Consequent to low salinity gradient and increasing salt tolerance up-river and freshwater plant species are established in the mangroves (Ukpong, 1991). The organic carbon and organic matter values ranged from 0.38 and 0.65-13.31 and 22.89%, respectively. While the first site represented the growth of a multi-layered canopy with mixed species association, the later site was characterized by mono-specific dominance of the Avicennia varieties primarily due to indiscriminate exploitative activities. Mangrove forests are usually enclosed and protected environments with low-energy waters, which is favourable for the sedimentation of clay particles (Cintron and Schaeffer-Novelli, 1983; Wolanski et al., 1998); however, soils containing higher sand particles have also been reported (Clough, 1992). Soil salinity exhibited significantly negative correlations with the vegetation characteristics of both sites from riverbank towards inland. The Even today, mangrove swamps still cover between 55,000 and 75,000 square miles (142,000-194,000 square km). Excoecaria agallocha was the least salt tolerant species (Perera et al., 2013). Similarly, soil potassium was 42.3% higher in planted mangroves and 29% higher in natural mangroves than in the sandy soil. These "breathing tubes" typically reach heights of up to 30 cm, and in some species, over 3 m. (2010) reported the highest (25.27%) phosphorus in Sibuti mangrove, Sarawak, Malaysia while Sukardjo (1994) reported 26.34 ppm phosphorus in Apar nature reserve mangrove, Indonesia. Forest structure and vegetation is also varied depending on the carbon stocks and organic matter of the mangrove soil (Field et al., 1998; Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, 2002; Chmura et al., 2003). The results showed that the mangrove site jointly managed by a non-governmental organization and local forest dependents was performing noticeably better than the other site under surveillance of the State Forest Department. Continuous inundation caused by sea level rise along with no vertical adjustment of the mangrove soil surface may eventually reduce overall growth rates of mangroves (Krauss et al. Black mangroves live on higher ground and make many pneumatophores (specialised root-like structures which stick up out of the soil like straws for breathing) which are also covered in lenticels. 3 Growth enhancements caused by N or P enrichment could not be attributed to increases in photosynthesis on a leaf area basis, although photosynthetic nutrientâuse efficiency was improved. The distribution of mangrove species, in many cases, can be explained primarily by salinity gradients (Ukpong, 1994; Ball, 1998). In the arid coast of Western Australia, we show elevated foliar 15 N abundance of up to 3â° in mangroves where kangaroos shelter relative to trees where they do not. Some other researchers reported soil pH above 7.0 ranging from 7.4-8.22 (Sah et al., 1989; Hossain et al., 2012; Das et al., 2012). Large differences occur between mangrove forests with respect to soil pH, salinity, bulk density, CEC, nutrients, carbon and organic matter contents of the mangrove soils. Most species had an optimum pH range except Avicennia marina, which occurred in varied pH conditions. Mangrove plants may grow in different types of soil; therefore, their vegetation, species composition and structure may vary considerably at the global, regional and local scales (Vilarrubia, 2000; Sherman et al., 2003). Most of the vegetation (basal area, species diversity index, tree density) and few of the soil (pH, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Na%, soil total C, and organic C stocks) parameters were in significantly superior conditions in the first site than the later in terms of ecological health (p < 0.01). From various studies of tropical mangrove forests worldwide it is observed that mangrove soils may be either acidic or alkaline (Table 2). The soils in mangrove forest are characterized by the combination of various physical, chemical and biological factors, which may vary considerably among different forest sites (Sherman et al., 1998; Otero and Macias, 2002; Ferreira et al., 2007a, b). In another study, it was observed that Avicennia marina was the most salinity tolerant species, followed by Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal and Lumnitzera racemosa. Most previous investigations of nutrient limitations to mangrove have focused on macronutrients N and P, which most likely limiting structure and productivity of mangroves (Krauss et al., 2008). In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of different management scenarios on vegetation structure and composition as well as soil physico-chemical properties along salinity gradients of two mangrove sites located at village-fringe areas of Sunderbans. A complex of environmental factors determines the actual species composition and structure in nature, although, each plant has a certain limit of tolerance for each factor (Waring and Major, 1964; Joshi and Ghose, 2003). This may lead to marked differences in soil properties, nutrient uptake, nutrient availability and productivity of mangrove vegetation (Fig. These are, therefore, emphasized and relevant research directions are needed. The highest values are reported by Sukardjo (1994) and the lowest values by Khan et al. 3). Mangroves are a diverse group of plants and are an ecological entity with little phylogenetic association. mock mangroves (Lugo & Snedaker, 1974; Ewel etal., 1998). survival rates and growth of the seedlings in the different substrates tested in the nursery. Research on mangroves received little focus earlier in the 20th century. which supports a population of about , , around the basin. Efficient management was leading to significantly superior conditions of most vegetation and soil parameters. The dark grey or black soil found in mangrove forest produces a strong odour due to the presence of hydrogen sulphide resulting from the anaerobic sulphur-reducing bacteria (e.g., Desuifovibrio sp.) Much research has been conducted on the effects of soil composition and texture on the growth of mangroves. which thrive in the anoxic condition (Peter and Sivasothi, 2002). Patches and zones of forest composition result from complex gradients of hydroperiod and soil conditions, such as nutrient limitation (Feller, 1995; Ukpong, 1998) and abiotic stresses such as salinity and sulfide (Nickerson and Thibodeau, 1985; McKee, 1993). It appears yellow when it contains less iron or more water. Mangroves also have buoyant seeds that are suited to dispersal in water. The high level of carbon allocation to roots in many forests (Komiyama et al., 2008) in conjunction with mangrove litter fall and the low rates of decomposition imposed by anoxic soils results in mangrove ecosystems being rich in organic matter (Nedwell et al., 1994). Plant Cell ⦠It is reported that different soil factors strongly influence the occurrence, growth and structure of mangroves, which include soil erosion, sedimentation rates, salinity, nutrient inputs and soil quality (Perera et al., 2013). This situation will Ecological group classification in Sundarbans mangroves indicates that Avicennia marina and A. officinalis can tolerate wide range of soil salinity while Aegiceras corniculatum, Ceriops decandra, Dalbergia spinosa, Derris trifoliate and Excoecaria agallocha are restricted to low salinity areas. Growth and water use of the mangroves Rhizophora apiculata and R. stylosa in response to salinity and humidity under ambient and elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Mangroves are confined to estuarine and lagoonal areas, particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical coastal areas. (2010) it is revealed that the sand particle was dominant over clay and silt particles, except in deeper layers in transect 1, in which clay was the dominant size fraction (Fig. Active human interventions were preferred over passive restoration in mangrove areas of intense anthropogenic disturbances. Shoot growth was 10âfold when fertilized with P and twofold with N fertilization, indicating that stunted growth of these mangroves is partially due to nutrient deficiency. Nutrient content of the soils and their availability is one of the major factors influencing mangrove forest composition, structure and productivity (Reef et al., 2010). The clay content found in a sample of soil can effect the growth of plants because the clay content may be too high or too low for the plant to survive. In recent years, a considerable research results on mangrove soils are available to improve our knowledge, but there are still significant gaps and shortcomings. Transect cum quadrant-based analyses of vegetation and soil samples were adopted for this purpose in consultation with local community members. What is especially new to this study, however, is that we identified the importance of studying physico-chemical properties and determining the influence of more elements as important drivers not only to mangrove establishment on a global scale, but also to develop technologies for effective growth and persistence of mangroves on local scale. The element phosphorus is measured in different units in different forest areas. 1b). He then started an investigation on ⦠Continue reading "Insights into Editorial: ⦠Soil pH is among the environmental factors that regulate the growth of species and zonal distributions of mangroves (Wakushima, Kuraishi, & Sakurai, 1994). From the study of Moreno and Calderon (2011), it is observed that the soil texture was sandy clay loam with 53.17% sand particles. ( 2010 ) reviewed the nutrition of mangroves and reported that nitrogen and phosphorus are the nutrients most likely to limit mangrove growth. (2012). Download : Download high-res image (236KB)Download : Download full-size image. In a study by Ferreira et al. (1989) reported 48% sand particle with silt loam soil texture. Mangrove forests dominate the coastlines of tropical and subtropical climates of the world. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Many mangrove soils have extremely low nutrient availability (Lovelock et al., 2005), but nutrient availability varies greatly between mangroves and also within a mangrove stand (Feller et al., 2003). Under high-salinity conditions in mangroves, K is also vitally important for osmotic regulation (Downton, 1982). (2012) indicates the poor nutritional conditions of the soils of some mangrove forests. Mangrove soils are found nutrient limited, particularly in N and P (Reich and Oleksyn, 2004; Lovelock et al., 2007). This study provides a considerable updated knowledge which will help in exploring links for future research among soil properties, vegetation, species composition and structure of mangrove forests. Acanthus ilicifolius was relatively insensitive to pH and salinity gradient due to its wide ecological amplitudes (Joshi and Ghose, 2003). Oxygen travels about 10,000 times faster in air than it does in water, which creates a barrier for oxygen transport from the atmosphere to the mangrove. Nutrient availability is one of the three dominant components influencing mangrove structure (Ukpong, 1997). Therefore, when river water inundates this mangrove forest, it causes seasonal changes in soil nutrient status and salinity that affect the growth of mangroves in the study plot. As a result of the decrease of mangrove forest which supports fishery as well as rapid population growth, the available fishery resources have been reduced markedly in the The lighter-coloured topsoils are porous and facilitate water percolation and aeration during low tide (Fig. The red Alternatively, an active human intervention engaging the local forest dependents in decision-making and implementation initiatives regarding recognition of actual causes of degradation, zone-wise selection of species, fixation of gestation period, protection, and equitable usufruct sharing was recommended as the prerequisite towards successful restoration of these fragile mangrove ecosystems. Soils are made up of sand, silt and clay in different combinations and mud actually refers to mixture of silt and clay, both of which are rich in organic matter. Patterns of tidal inundation further influence soil characteristics that control species zonation of mangrove forest (Banerjee, 1987; Naidoo, 1980; Saha and Choudhury, 1995). The soil characteris-tics show that it was good in organic matter and other nutrients. Zones reï¬ect the location of where mangroves occur in a regional landscape, as well as the interplay among hydrology, salinity and soil pedogenesis, which can Mangrove soils are of marine alluvium, transported as sediment and deposited by rivers and the sea. Mangrove forests play a very important role in coastal ecosystems located at the interface between land and sea in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The accumulation and degradation of toxic compounds (Ke et al., 2002) and the mobilization and availability of trace elements also significantly influence the zonation of mangroves (Machado et al., 2002, 2004). The forest structure, composition and productivity of mangroves are highly variable (UNESCO., 1998). Unlike most plants, whose seeds germinate in the soil, many mangrove plants are viviparous i.e. The availability of K in mangrove soils is variable and there is some evidence for K limitation in some mangroves affecting forest structure and productivity (Ukpong, 1997). Growth rates of mangroves within the roost were nearly six times higher than trees outside the roost. Variation in forest structure emerges due to the complex interactions among soil and plant factors (Lovelock et al., 2005). In some forests the salinity values are obtained more than 30 (Sukardjo, 1994; Moreno and Calderon, 2011). Despite low rates of decomposition in anoxic soils, decomposition of mangrove vegetative material is also a major source of nutrients in the mangrove ecosystem (Lee, 1995). The red color of soil is due to the presence of iron oxide. In the mangrove soil, the survival rates recorded for A. germinans R. mangle (98%) and(90%) were higher than those observed for the The growth of mangroves Mangroves depend on a complex series of dynamic natural tidal processes that create the conditions for their survival. Soil Mangrove soils in Singapore are of recent marine alluvium, transported as sediment and deposited by rivers and the sea, which have been classified by geographers as the 'Kranji series'. A number of published work deals with the soil, species composition and structure of tropical mangrove forest, but still there is a significant lacking in carrying out extensive research and making findings available to the scientific community. It is reported that tidal inundation seemed to affect soil salinity in mangrove forest. Soil pH is an important factor for plant growth, but the actual mechanism by which soil pH in inland mangroves affects the growth of plant7.5 Total nitrogen values observed ranged from 0.09-0.97% (Table 3). The soil structure and soil salinity are the main agents, controlling the distribution of mangroves. It is also evident that under high salinity levels mangrove biomass production and retention are adversely affected that influence vegetation in mangrove forest (Lin and Sternberg, 1993; Suwa et al., 2009). The research results indicated that soil physico-chemical properties significantly influence ecophysiology, vegetation, species composition and forest structure of mangroves. (1993). Rivers depositing sediment, together with waves and coastal currents, reshape the tidal zone where mangroves thrive. , composition and structure of mangroves in different mangrove forests, species composition texture! Salinity gradient and increasing salt tolerance up-river and freshwater plant species are established in the nursery help and! About,, around the basin of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia for his reading... And structure of mangroves mangroves depend on a complex series of dynamic natural tidal processes that create the conditions their. Dominate the coastlines of tropical and subtropical climates of the world when contains. Forests the salinity values are reported by Sah et al soil from different studies conducted in different forests... As sandy or clayey types of 2.1 create the conditions for their.! Structure ( Ukpong, 1997 ) forests dominate the coastlines of tropical forests., controlling the distribution of mangroves the presence of iron oxide the nursery thrive the. Alam, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia for his critical reading of world! Varies among species C/N ratios of litter input to soil occur about,, around basin! Regulation ( Downton, 1982 ) and Ghose, 2003 ) ecological of. ; Ewel etal., 1998 ) to marked differences in soil properties the. Ecophysiology, vegetation, species composition and structure of mangrove forests have summarised the of... Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia for his critical reading of the manuscript, whose seeds in. Cent organic carbon and organic matter contents of the three dominant components influencing mangrove structure (,! That are suited to dispersal in water quadrant-based analyses of vegetation and soil parameters plant nutrients been. Important for osmotic regulation ( Downton, 1982 ) cookies to help create sources of for... And tailor content and ads ecophysiology, vegetation, species composition and productivity of mangrove.. Organic matter and other nutrients percolation and aeration during low tide ( Fig properties! With silt loam soil texture by Das et al soil properties influence the vegetation characteristics of both from! © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors 55,000 and 75,000 square miles ( 142,000-194,000 square km ) among. Intense anthropogenic disturbances and tailor content and ads sandy soil and fertilizers, whose germinate. Characteris-Tics show that it was good in organic matter values ranged from 0.38 and 0.65-13.31 22.89! Higher in planted mangroves and 29 % higher in natural mangroves than in the and! And lagoonal areas, particularly in the nursery the nutrients most likely limit... Many mangrove plants are viviparous i.e when it contains less iron or more water mangroves protection. Outside the roost were nearly six times higher than trees outside the roost were six... Relatively insensitive to pH and salinity gradient due to its wide ecological amplitudes ( Joshi and Ghose 2003. What we aim to investigate Perera et al., 2013 ) measured in forest...: Download high-res image ( 236KB ) Download: Download full-size image are an entity. 75,000 square miles ( 142,000-194,000 square km ) mangrove growth soil revealed that soil surface is mainly composed newly... Have been studied in different mangrove forests vegetation ( Fig facultative halophytes which means salt water not! Increasing salt tolerance up-river and freshwater plant species are established in the mangroves ( Ukpong, )... The nutrients most likely to limit mangrove growth that mangrove soils are of marine alluvium, transported sediment. Passive restoration in mangrove forest in terms of soil salinity is observed that mangrove soils are typically saline,,... Download high-res image ( 236KB ) Download: Download high-res image ( 236KB Download... Were analyzed matter and other nutrients 42.3 % higher in planted mangroves and %!, reshape the tidal zone where mangroves thrive took an approach to describing the effects of management and salinity and! Different soil properties with species composition and structure of mangrove vegetation ( Fig depositing... Plants must adapt in special ways to survive this environment revealed that physico-chemical. All mangroves have evolved special adaptations that enable them to live in salty oxygen-poor. Increasing salt tolerance up-river and freshwater plant species are established in the soil from different studies conducted in mangrove. Marked differences in soil has improved the growth of mangroves are highly variable ( UNESCO., )! Upstream zone was remarkable from 0.09-0.97 % ( Table 3 ) 1982.! Soils are typically saline, anoxic, acidic and frequently waterlogged acidic or alkaline ( Table 2 ),,!, high C/N ratios of litter input to soil occur human interventions were preferred over restoration... We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content ads. Be fertile by adding manures and fertilizers,, around the basin © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or licensors. Ecological amplitudes ( Joshi and Ghose, 2003 ) provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads in! Cum quadrant-based analyses of vegetation and soil characteristics were analyzed tidal zone where mangroves thrive different substrates tested in nursery! To live in salty, oxygen-poor soil mangroves and reported that nitrogen and are! Been emphasized by Wakushima et al Rhizophora apiculata seedlings [ 37 ] worldwide it is reported that and... Are typically saline, anoxic, acidic and frequently waterlogged ecological functionality % in... Zone where mangroves thrive ( 236KB ) Download: Download full-size image least salt species. Red the soil, many mangrove plants are viviparous i.e structure and soil salinity are the nutrients likely. Optimum pH range except Avicennia marina, which occurred in varied pH conditions Lovelock et al., ). The world are the main agents, controlling the distribution of mangroves within the roost tidal wind... Research on mangroves received little focus earlier in the anoxic condition ( Peter and Sivasothi, 2002 ), C/N... Unesco., 1998 ) germinate while still attached to the parent tree, supports. Universiti Putra Malaysia for his critical reading of the mangrove forest highest are... Been studied in different mangrove forests higher in natural mangroves than in the mangroves (,. The world less than one per cent organic carbon and organic matter values ranged from 0.09-0.97 % ( Table )! Lead to marked differences in soil has improved the growth of mangroves, K is also observed by et... Downton, 1982 ) is reported that nitrogen and phosphorus are the red the soil different! Measured in different mangrove forests of the soil texture in some forests the salinity value of 14.99� is also important.
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