They were also familiar with the routes in north and south Iran. As said earlier, Akkadian documents refer to the lands called Dilmun, Magan and Meluhha, sometimes separately, sometimes together. While the former falls primarily in the domain of paleo – geographers, historians and linguists, the latter moved into the fray several archaeologists. To begin with, in the context of Indus – Mesopotamian economic interaction, we visualize a multi – tired structure as against simple two – tired structure of pre – urban societies. Art of Indus Valley Civilization: The Harappan Civilization belongs to the Bronze Age. Harappan people had trade relations within India, as well as with countries outside India. Significantly enough, a site, Kulhade – ka – Johad, near Ganeshwar in the Khetri copper mine are a in Rajasthan has yielded typical Harappan inverted ‘V’ shaped arrowheads. Coming back to the question of long distance trade, the highest achievement of the south Mesopotamian cities were, as the cuneiform records and a few models and engraved depiction of boats attest, the effective use of the ‘Persian Gulf – cum – Makran’ sea – route during the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C, since it is doubtful if the behavioural pattern of the monsoons was known to the world before the early centuries of the Christian Era. To learn more, view our, Ancient Near East abiding metaphor of hieroglyph kāṇḍa 'sacred water' Rebus khãḍ 'metal tools' A bilingual Sumerian seal with indus Script hieroglyphs and Sumerian cuneiform, Maritime trade of Meluhha (Sarasvati civilization) with Dilmun -- Susa pot, Kuwait gold disc, Gadd seal of Ur with cuneiform text and scores of other ANE seals with Indus Script, Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization contacts across Persian Gulf and Indus Script seals used by मेढ meḍh,'metal merchants' for trade, Potts 2007 Babylonian sources of exotic raw materials. Objects of unmistakably Indian origin are discovered in Bahrain island but they are not in such a large quantity as to be certain that this was the storehouse of substantial amount of goods from India or Mesopotamia. The Harappan people traded with the people of Sumer and with the towns lying along the Persian Gulf. Various kinds of metals and precious stones were needed by craftsmen to make goods, but as these were not available locally they had to be brought from outside. Two specimens of rectangular / square seals with concentric square designs which occur in the Harappan context have been found in Mesopotamia, one each from Tell Asmar and Tepe Gawar. Our contention is that the Harappan trade was partly direct and partly indirect because we feel that the Indo – Mesopotamian trade was mixed, it was neither completely state – controlled nor completely privately owned and it used not only the sea route but also land routes. 3. Secondly, the Mesopotamian term Meluhha means perhaps the general area to the east of Mesopotamia and not necessarily the Harappan area alone. Carnelian beads : Etched carnelian beads have been found almost on all Indus sites Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Gumla, Amri III, Kalibangan, Surkotada IC, Lothal , Chanhudaro as also on some Persian, Gulf and, Iranian sites, such as Shahdad Susa, and Mesopotamian sites such as Ur, Kish, Al Hiba, and Tell Asmar. For example Seal No.I of Gadd’s list (1932) is squarish with a perforated button on the ridged back and the Indus bull with the archaic Cuneiform legend on the front. In fact, Meluhha is referred to in cuneiform texts in the context of imports in Mesopotamia rather than exports. The Mesopotamian texts of the same period refer to trade relations with ‘Meluha’ which was the ancient name given to Indus region. As shown above, the same situation existed in the context of the rise and growth of the Indus Civilization : the Indus valley is located near the Baluchi and Afghan hills on the west, the Gujarat and Kathiawar hills in the south, Khetri mines in the east and forest areas in the north, regions which are equally rich in metal, mineral and forest resources. It gives us a clear idea that the ”traders, Akkadian, Iranian, Indian … behaved in much the same way as merchants do the world over today”. Amazon.in - Buy External Trade of the Indus Civilization book online at best prices in India on Amazon.in. An alabaster seal comes from Tell Asmar which shows concentric squares with a bead pattern in between and a cylindrical knob at the back. The cylinger seals found at the Indus sites may therefore also be interpreted as the proof of the stationing of the Mesopotamian agents in India. Shahdad is at the edge of the south Iranian desert Dasht -i – Lut, and it yielded a large number of etched carnelian beads. There is also a report of a cylinder seal with Harappan inscription from Iranian Seistan. who boasted that boats from Dilmun, Magan and Meluhha came to the quay of Akkad. Trading network, both internal (within the country) and external (foreign), was a significant feature of the urban economy of the Harappans. In Afghanistan, the most important related discovery is shortughai, approachable from the south side of the Hindukush by the Khowak pass. They are the witnesses of the Persian Gulf role in Indo – Mesopotamian trade. There are relevant sites in both north and south Iran. This can be inferred from the evidence of seals, which is of two kinds : (a) the so – called entrepots have rarely yielded any true Harappan seal, while (b) the big Mesopotamian cities have yielded them, albeit in restricted numbers. Along with these finds, one has to consider the occurrence of steatite/chlorite vessel fragments bearing hut motif at Mohenjodaro and Dholavira. The situation continued throughout hthe 3rd, 2nd and 1st millennium B.C. There are also reports of three Harappan seals in Luristan. These examples are all found in Tepe Yahya IVA whorse terminal date, when calibrated, is around 2800 BC. Read more about Materializing Harappan identities: unity and diversity in the borderlands of the Indus Civilization New excavations at the Umm an-Nar site Ras al-Hadd HD-1, Sultanate of Oman (seasons 2016–2018): insights on cultural interaction and long-distance trade The Harappan Civilization (HC) was spread over large parts of western region of the Indian Subcontinent. Among the Indian exports we can consider, apart from textiles, the most important staple of Indian trade through the centuries, such luxury items as ivory combs, specific types of carnelian beads, dice, polished stone weights, objects made of shells of a particular variety etc. Sutkagendor on the river Dasht, Sotkaq – Koh near Pashni, in the Shadi Kaur Valley, and Balakot near Sonmiani were built on the strategic points to control the communication. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The seals found at the hinterland sites also seem to have belonged to merchants and not to political authorities. Harappan seals and materials found in the Sumerian and Mesopotamian sites as well as in Oman, Bahrain and Iran. How about receiving a customized one? In addition to an etched carnelian bead found on the surface, Tepe Yahya, located to the southeast of Kirman, yielded a sherd having directly above its base a Harappan pictographs, an etched carnelian bead and a ‘terracotta type’ object with a square sealing in the middle. The Harappan and Harappan – related objects occur in Bahrain, Failaka, Sharjah and the Oman peninsula in the Gulf area. Consequently, he states, they cannot be taken as proof of direct commercial contacts between India and Mesopotamia. Ras al – Qala (round seals with Harappan pictographs and Harappan weights in the Akkadian level), Hajjar (a pearshaped seal with Harappan characters) and Hamad (a typical Harappan seal) are there in Bahrain. 294 pp. More Harappan pottery and beads have been claimed to have been discovered in Oman but the publication details are seldom clear. Besides, Marlik is dated between the end of the second millennium and the beginning of the first millennium BC. A typical Harappan seal with the impression of cloth on its back was, according to the dealer who sold it, from Umma. in these regions; in Mesopotamia cities like Susa, Ur, etc . They had uncovered the remains of two long-forgotten cities and found the Indus Valley civilisation. The number of Harappan related artefacts is much more in west and central Asia and the Gulf than vice versa. Hewever, the presence of a number of Indus seals in Mesopotamia somewhat compensates this limitation since the presence of the seals does indicate the existence of the trade. Shahr -i – Sokhta at its eastern end in Iranian Seistan has shown fragments of a Xancus pyrum shell, which possibly came from the Gujarat coast. Five cubical seals of sandy yellow paste have been discovered at Mohenjdaro and four of them bear parallel lines, crossing on eanother on two opposite sides. This will clear students doubts about any question and improve application skills while preparing for board exams. Borang pemilihan pimpinan, etika dosen, etika mahasiswa, DESIGN OF HEAT SINK FOR THE COOLING OF A CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT SUBMITTED BY SERRANO. Read External Trade of the Indus Civilization book reviews & author details and more at Amazon.in. Modern firearms can, AMITY INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCES GENERAL FORENSIC SCIENCE, The external trade of the Harappan Civilization comprises the Harappan and Harappan related objects found in Afghanistan, ASSESSMENT effective porosity, volume of shale, and water. Chank – shell : The shell objects have been found at Ur Brak, Kish and Susa. The important evidence from Altyn Tepe consists of a square soapstone / alasbaster seal with two Harappan pictographs, a tall perforated cylindrical jar, and etched carnelian bead and possibly segmented faience beads. Various kinds of woods, copper, gold, silver, carnelian, cotton, etc.. were the important items which found their way into Mesopotamia from Meluhha. Dilip K. Chakrabarti. Ras al – Junayaz in Oman has shown an Harappan inscribed sherd, a typical Harappan steatite seal and an ivory comb in association with the remains of a wooden boat coated with bitumen. In this context, it is extremely significant to note that the small site of Allahdino, within the metropolitan city of Karachi, has yielded an unusually large number of copper implements, more than a hundred, and also earthen pots while no evidence of factories and kilns have as yet been found in or near the habitation. We suggest that the port – town of sutkagen – dor certainly played the role of most – briskly – used – entrepot’. At its peak, it covered more than 30 per cent of the present landmass of the Indian Subcontinent. In this whole structure one element which has been fundamental to the operative system is ‘agent’ but it has not attracted sufficient attention of scholars. Recently Parpola have reviewed the evidence of seals in the light of some of the hitherto unpublished tablets of Ur III period and also drawn our attention to the observations made by Hunter on three round seals with Harappan characters found in Mesopotamia whose language must have been non – Harappan because of the marked differences in the sequence of the letters : the recently published Concordance of Harappan inscriptions has not a single inscription comparable to those on the above mentioned three seals. Ivory : It was the main product of Kathiawar and the Indus basin. They export clothes to foreign countries mainly through water routes. Undoubtedly the site was meant for redistributional activities. There are a least six round seals with a bull and Harappan pictographs from Ur but more finds of this type, although without contexts, have been reported from Ur, Lagash and possibly other sites. We would, however, beg to differ from this proposition on a very important ground : none of the seal types with a single standard inscription has ever been found in sufficiently large numbers to justify the hypothesis that there was an ‘overlord’ merchant. The merchandise was shipped from Lothal and incoming goods were received here. The important evidence from Altyn Tepe consists of a square soapstone / alasbaster seal with two Harappan pictographs, a tall perforated cylindrical jar, and etched carnelian bead and possibly segmented faience beads. The second theory is of During Caspers who promotes the idea of direct contacts by giving a number of evidences, particularly, the evidence of etched carnelian beads, stone seals and a number of small antiquities. Direct securing orders for goods directly from using agencies. Its location is so strategic that it must have controlled the import of lapis lazuli, turquoise, silver and other minerals and metals from Afghanistan and Soviet Central Asia and northern Iran required for the highly industrialized economic pursuits of the Harappans. They were also known to trade in the Arabian Gulf region, central parts of Asia, portions of Afghanistan and northern and western India. Here also we see the same factor : the prevalence of the agency system. Three cylinder seals in Mesopotamia – two from Ur and one from Tell Asmar – show Harappan influence in the form of humped bull / elephant / rhinoceros. There are three ithyphallic terracottas as well from Nippur. Its earliest roots can be found from 7000 BC in Mehrgarh but its peak urban period is around 2500 to 1900 BC. The determining factors remain those which belong to the higher culture or culture in which the smaller group of people find itself in hopeless minority. The external trade of the Harappan Civilization comprises the Harappan and Harappan related objects found in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Mesopotamia and the Gulf region. Harappa (Punjabi pronunciation: [ɦəɽəppaː]; Urdu/Punjabi: ہڑپّہ) is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km (15 mi) west of Sahiwal.The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs 8 km (5.0 mi) to the north. 3. Undoubtedly, for giving protection to commercial interests of the Mesopotamians. Mesopotamia was approached both through Iran and the Gulf, the latter accessed through navigation based on the knowledge of the monsoon. The ships containing smaller items may have travelled only as far as Magan or Dilmun, that is at ports between Sutkagendor and Bahrein or failaka islands. Gudea of Lagash gives a detailed list of objects coming from different countries. Gudea also got wood and other raw materials for his temples from Meluhha. In the 1920s, archaeologists began to excavate the sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. This has been confirmed by the presence of artefacts, belonging to the Harappan Civilization, such as beads, seals, dice, etc. is said to have conquered Meluhha. Trade and Commerce: Mohenjodaro was a great trading center. The relevant south Iranian sites are Shahdad, Tepe Yahya, Jalalbad, Kalleh Nissar, some indeterminate places in Luristan, and Susa. The Harappan and Harappan – related objects occur in Bahrain, Failaka, Sharjah and the Oman peninsula in the Gulf area. They traded with many different civilizations like Persia, Mesopotamia and China. The external trade was in favour of Harappan civilization. The Mesopotamian texts present ample evidence not only for imports but also exports, although none of the known texts appears to have given the exhaustive list of these items. Harappa. In time, the old features get either lost or transformed into the new ones. To the Kassite levels of about the 14th century BC, with a strong focus on the Sargonid context of c. 2325 BC or a little earlier.