We then pick up the main river again, running through woods on or beside the flood dyke. The rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region, such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised. The middle flow begins as Nederrijn, then changes into Lek, then joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe Maas. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (Last Glacial Maximum). Seattle: University of Washington Press. Group tariffs are available on KD Rhine River excursions for groups of at least 10 paying passengers. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as follows: for the army of Germania Inferior, two legions at Vetera (Xanten), I Germanica and XX Valeria (Pannonian troops); two legions at oppidum Ubiorum ("town of the Ubii"), which was renamed to Colonia Agrippina, descending to Cologne, V Alaudae, a Celtic legion recruited from Gallia Narbonensis and XXI, possibly a Galatian legion from the other side of the empire. In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000–24,000 BP. Answer by stanbon(75887) (Show Source): 12:20 15:15. In this sections the river falls from 77.4 m above sea level to 50.4 m. On the left, is located the mountain ranges of Hunsrück and Eifel, on the right Taunus and Westerwald. but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine. Vineyards mantle the slopes as far as Koblenz, where the Moselle River joins the Rhine at the site the Romans called Confluentes. The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. The city of Laufenburg on the Rhine River in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. [15], In its lower course the Anterior Rhine flows through a gorge named Ruinaulta (Flims Rockslide). Updates? Though they retained the name, these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders. Answer 1 of 13: We will be in Koblenz for a few days towards the end of May. The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC in Roman-era geography. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. The allies left the Rhineland, in 1930 and the German army re-occupied it in 1936, which was enormously popular in Germany. The Rhine River of western Europe flows from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea. On the various parts: Order: panning north to south through the Western Netherlands: This article is about the river. Three countries border the Obersee, namely Switzerland in the south, Austria in the southeast and the German states of Bavaria in the northeast and Baden-Württemberg in the north and northwest. Its sources are located in the Adula Alps (Rheinwaldhorn, Rheinquellhorn, and Güferhorn). The northwestern part of the estuary (around Hook of Holland), is still called Maasmond ("Meuse Mouth"), ignoring the fact that it now carries only water from the Rhine. By the 6th century, the Rhine was within the borders of Francia. Length: 1233 km (765 miles) Source: Grisons in the Swiss Alps (Switzerland) Mouth: North Sea, Hoek van Holland, Rotterdam (Netherlands) Other Facts About the River Rhine. [20] The engineering of the Rhine was not without protest, farmers and fishermen had grave concerns about valuable fishing areas and farmland being lost. 53, Cioc, Mark. The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border. But it didn't used to be that way. Caesar's bridges across the Rhine, the first two bridges to cross the Rhine River on record, were built by Julius Caesar and his legionaries during the Gallic War in 55 BC and 53 BC. The length of the Rhine was long given as 820 miles (1,320 km), but in 2010 a shorter distance of about 765 miles (1,230 km) was proposed. It is mentioned by, most notably the straighening of the Upper Rhine planned by, The geomorphological ridge line does not necessarily coincide with the, sum of Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein discharges according to, Average over the period 1961–1990: 1,297 m, Cioc, Mark. The longest river in Germany is the Rhine, which flows for 537 miles within the country. At that time, it did not yet carry discharge from the Alps; instead, the watersheds of the Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps. In 1840, the Rhine crisis, prompted by French prime minister Adolphe Thiers's desire to reinstate the Rhine as a natural border, led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in Germany. This is the Rhine of legend and myth, where the medieval Mouse Tower (Mausturm) lies at water level near Bingen and the castle of Kaub stands on an island in the river. In Mainz, the Rhine leaves the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin. the zambezi river is twice as long as the st. lawrence river. Posted by Susan (Antioch, Illinois, United States) on 06/21/10 08:46 AM. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Seerhein emerged in the last thousands of years, when erosion caused the lake level to be lowered by about 10 metres. The Rhône is 505 miles (813 km) long and has a drainage basin of some 37,750 square miles (97,775 square km). The Rhine River Valley seems straight out of the pages of a storybook, a land of half-timbered houses, fairytale castles, and ruined fortresses looming atop craggy hills. In this flat-floored section the Rhine has been straightened and the banks reinforced to prevent flooding. This is the Romantic Rhine, a powerful stretch of the river slashing a deep and scenic gorge. The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer. Before the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen, and even today, after the regulatory action of the Delta Works, the tide acts far inland. With a length of 1.320 km, of which 865 km in Germany, the Rhein (Rhine) river is one of the most important waterways in Europe. Two-thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse, through the Hollands Diep and Haringvliet estuaries, into the North Sea. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress of Moguntiacum (Mainz), the southernmost slopes of the Black Forest and a few scattered bridge-heads. The river’s majesty has long been celebrated in music. Many rivers have been closed ("dammed") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders. Above this point is the extensive catchment of the headwaters of the Rhine. Vespasian had commanded II Augusta, before his promotion to imperator. The Rhine Falls are situated below Schaffhausen. The Rhine is one of the longest and most important river in Europe. Near Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the Aare. Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension. From here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Düsseldorf, on the right bank of the Rhine, is the dominant business centre of the North Rhine–Westphalia coalfield. With its outstanding architectural monuments, the slopes full of vines, settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes, the Middle Rhine Valley can be considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism. The Rhine: an eco-biography, 1815–2000. The source of the river is generally considered north of Lai da Tuma/Tomasee on Rein Anteriur/Vorderrhein,[13] although its southern tributary Rein da Medel is actually longer before its confluence with the Anterior Rhine near Disentis. The Dutch name for Rhine is "Rijn". Cruising down the Rhine is a trip that’s better to take during warmer seasons, in order to enjoy the region at its best. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Spend three hours floating along the Rhine River, savoring delicious regional cuisine and listening to music spun by a live DJ. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Rhine wanders through the countries of Switzerland, the tiny nation of Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, an France. The Mainz Basin ends in Bingen am Rhein; the Rhine continues as "Middle Rhine" into the Rhine Gorge in the Rhenish Slate Mountains. Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake Überlingen. Posted by Tom. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. In this 90-mile (145-km) stretch the Rhine has cut a deep and winding gorge between the steep, slate-covered slopes of the Hunsrück mountains to the west and the Taunus Mountains to the east. Traditionally, Lake Toma near the Oberalp Pass in the Gotthard region is seen as the source of the Anterior Rhine and the Rhine as a whole. The stretch of the Middle Rhine Valley between Bingen and Koblenz is in many ways an exceptional expression of this long history. A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean. It descends from 395 m to 252 m. Some stretches of the High Rhine between Stein am Rhein and Eglisau form the border between Switzerland on the south bank and Germany in the north. The section of the Upper Rhine downstream from Mainz is also known as the "Island Rhine". The length of the Rhine was long given as 820 miles (1,320 km), but in 2010 a shorter distance of about 765 miles (1,230 km) was proposed. Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil (8.727) (Rhenus) fluvius Galliae, qui Germanos a Gallia dividit "(The Rhine is a) river of Gaul, which divides the Germanic people from Gaul.". “Gerd is an enthusiastic travel and landscape photographer. Water levels on the Rhine vary drastically which can often mean your Viking River Cruise can only go so far. I've done every other kind of tour option besides this one so I was excited to get the opportunity to try out a 4-day journey on the Rhine River Bicycle Route, in this case from Cologne to Karlsruhe, all in Germany. Group Savings on KD Rhine Boats. Near Krefeld, the river crosses the Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High German are spoken. Posted Jan 23, 2020. Traveling along and on the Rhine River has long been popular. Seven Days to the River Rhine was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War. The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer (formerly the Zuider Zee), initially a brackish lagoon but a freshwater lake since 1932. The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century. [note 1]. For a time, the Rhine ceased to be a border, when the Franks crossed the river and occupied Roman-dominated Celtic Gaul, as far as Paris. Since then, during glacial times, the river mouth was located offshore of Brest, France and rivers, like the River Thames and the Seine, became tributaries to the Rhine. [note 1]. the total discharge of the Rhine is subject to significant fluctuations, and average values cited vary between sources; the total discharge taken into account here consists of: The Rhine only has an official length scale (, The Rhine is cited as the "twelfth-longest river of Europe", The Rhine was not known in the Hellenistic period. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. Downstream the Rhine flows swiftly between the Alpine foreland and the Black Forest region, its course interrupted by rapids, where—as at Laufenburg (Switzerland) and Säckingen and Schwörstadt (Germany)—barrages (dams) have been built. The Old English river name was variously inflected as masculine or feminine; and its Old Icelandic adoption was inflected as feminine.[5]. The flow of cold, grey mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The fact that cheap water transport on the Rhine helped to keep prices of raw materials down was the main reason the river became a major axis of industrial production: one-fifth of the world’s chemical industries are now manufacturing along the Rhine. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. One of its headwaters, the Reno di Lei (stowed in the Lago di Lei), is partially located in Italy. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly. We really had to get together and clean it up and keep it clean. The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. At the end of World War I, the Rhineland was subject to the Treaty of Versailles. While some areas lost ground, other areas saw swamps and bogs be drained and turned into arable land. The Rhine River flows from Switzerland into the Bodensee and crosses the lake from east to west. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. The Rhine River is a popular river. Since that time, the Rhine has added the watershed above Lake Constance (Vorderrhein, Hinterrhein, Alpenrhein; captured from the Rhône), the upper reaches of the Main, beyond Schweinfurt and the Moselle in the Vosges Mountains, captured during the Saale Ice-age from the Meuse, to its watershed. The river begins in Grisons, Switzerland, and its headwaters emerge from Lake Tomasee, which is considered the primary source of the Rhine. So, if you happen to be visiting Europe anytime soon, make sure to check out one of the most important and fun rivers in … In this section its course is dominated by the melting of snow and ice from Alpine headstreams, giving it a pronounced late spring–summer peak and often generally low water… Seattle: University of Washington Press.48–49, Cioc, Mark. By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down to the Vosges Mountains, including the Main and the Neckar. The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While it was slightly modified during the Roman occupation, it was not until the emergence of engineers such as Johann Gottfried Tulla that significant modernization efforts changed the shape of the river. Herer the river starts a long journey through Germany. After the lake, ... Gerd's passion for photography runs back in his family for a long time. This decreed that it would be occupied by the allies, until 1935 and after that, it would be a demilitarised zone, with the German army forbidden to enter. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as "the Romantic Rhine", with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the Middle Ages and many quaint and lovely country villages. Rhine River - Rhine River - Hydrology: The Alpine Rhine—with its steep gradient, high runoff coefficient (80 percent of the precipitation in its catchment area), pronounced winter minimum, high water in spring from snowmelt, and high early summer maximum resulting from heavy summer rains—has a characteristic Alpine regime. April 3 October 2010. Strasbourg is the seat of the European Parliament, and so one of the three European capitals is located on the Upper Rhine. 2002: 56, sudden massive expansion of the Black Sea, Learn how and when to remove this template message, formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by the Western Allies, Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, "Der Rhein ist kürzer als gedacht – Jahrhundert-Irrtum", "Rhine River 90 km shorter than everyone thinks", "Where did the Rhine go? Via different rivers the Rhine finds its way in the Dutch delta. Statistically, a castle or castle ruin can be seen every two kilometers (1.2 miles). Not long before Tulla went to work on widening and straightening the river heavy floods had brought significant loss of life. The Rhine River is a popular river. More than just a 65-kilometre stretch of the Middle Rhine Valley between Bingen/Rudesheim and Koblenz, the strongly flowing narrows of the World Heritage-listed Rhine Gorge, guarded by its forest of about 40 hilltop castles and fortresses, is the stuff of legend. The last section of the Rhine lies below the frontier town of Emmerich in the delta region of the Netherlands. This is a long day but very easy going. Later an artificial ditch of about two km was dug. There is some debate as to whether this river would have flowed southwest into what is now the English Channel, or flowed north, emerging into the North Sea close to modern Yorkshire. The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily crossed. The two original military districts of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior, came to influence the surrounding tribes, who later respected the distinction in their alliances and confederations. Between Eglisau and Basel, the High Rhine consistently forms the border. 883 kilometres (549 mi) can be used by ships, and boats can go to the Black Sea using the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. Question 644926: the rhine river is 160 km shorter than the st. lawrence river. It flows from two small headways in the Alps of east-central Switzerland north and west to the North Sea, into which it drains through the Netherlands. The Rhine River Falls is found on a stretch of the Rhine River known as the High Rhine. The latter flows west into a sluice at Katwijk, where its waters can be discharged into the North Sea. From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede. The Alsace on the left banks of the Upper Rhine was sold to Burgundy by Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1469 and eventually fell to France in the Thirty Years' War. In the geologically recent past the main process distributing sediment across the delta has been the shifting of river channels to new locations on the floodplain (termed avulsion). From the Eocene onward, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a north-south rift system to develop in this zone. In northern Europe, the North Sea Basin had formed during the Triassic and Jurassic periods and continued to be a sediment receiving basin since. The culminating point of the Anterior Rhine's drainage basin is the Piz Russein of the Tödi massif of the Glarus Alps at 3,613 metres (11,854 ft) above sea level. Loops, oxbows, branches and islands were removed along the Upper Rhine so that there would be a present uniformity to the river. Since 1872, however, the New Waterway Canal, constructed to improve access from the North Sea to Rotterdam, has been the main navigation link between the Rhine and the sea; along this canal was built Europoort, one of the world’s largest ports. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). [note 9] In the mouth region, it is therefore necessary to permanently remove gravel by dredging. The valleys are separated by the Rofla Gorge and Viamala Gorge. Because the levees are some distance from the river, at high tide the Lower Rhine has more room for widening than the Upper Rhine. The Posterior Rhine flows first east-northeast, then north. Approximately 800 miles long, the Rhine River is one of Europe's most important waterways, as well as one of its most popular rivers to cruise. We realised it could be the death of the Rhine otherwise . Cruises along the Rhine River run from four to 21 nights. The natural Rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments. Northeastern France drains to the Rhine via the Moselle; smaller rivers drain the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands. 2002. Below Bonn the valley opens out into a broad plain, where the old city of Cologne lies on the left bank of the Rhine. KD gives discounts of 50% on regular Rhine River day cruises to school children and students up to 27 years old – IDs are required. The High Rhine begins in Stein am Rhein at the western end of the Untersee. For most of its length, the Seerhein forms the border between Germany and Switzerland. The Vorderrhein emerges from Lake Toma at 7,690 feet (2,344 metres), near the Oberalp Pass in the Central Alps, and then flows eastward past Disentis to be joined by the Hinterrhein from the south at Reichenau above Chur. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example, the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea. [21] Johann Tulla had the goal of shortening and straightening the Upper Rhine. It belongs almost exclusively to the Swiss canton of Graubünden, ranging from Saint-Gotthard Massif in the west via one valley lying in Ticino and Italy in the south to the Flüela Pass in the east. The northern Alps were then drained by the Rhone. The Rhine: an eco-biography, 1815–2000. Countries: Switzerland, Germany, France and the Netherlands. It’s 766 miles long and is the longest river in Germany and the 12th longest river in Europe. The Rhine then had the Sieg as a tributary, but not yet the Moselle. Among the largest and most important cities on the Rhine are Cologne, Düsseldorf, Rotterdam, Strasbourg and Basel. 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